Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications

Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications

edited by and James A. Scheer and William L. Melvin

REVIEWERS NEEDED The Principles of Modern Radar series is the first "community-reviewed" set of text/references that fully involves the worldwide tribe of radar and EW engineers in the publishing process, from manuscript to bound book (and beyond as we post errata and make corrections to anything we missed in new printings). We need you to get involved, just like the over 100 members of the radar community who volunteered their time and expertise to make the first two volumes the highest quality text/references available. You can see the lists of reviewers for the first two books here, and here. If you would like to get involved, please contact Brent Beckley with an idea of which chapter you wish to review.

ABOUT THE BOOK This unique reference will provide in-depth discussions of the most important application areas in current practice, serving primarily radar practitioners and advanced graduate students. For those needing to become experts in an advanced technology or application area, Radar Applications should be the foundation of their research before they tackle in-depth, single topic advanced books and literature. These advanced books are suggested at the end of each chapter to guide readers toward the best published works. Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications will provide concise descriptions of the purposes, principal issues, and radar methods found in a wide variety of current radar types with military, commercial, and civilian issues. These types of radar include: Continuous wave (CW) Weather and air traffic control Pulse Doppler Fire Control Ground moving target indication Police speed timing Foliage penetrating This book combines the best attributes of edited and single-author references, drawing on the expertise of authors from academia and industry, all active in both teaching and ongoing research. These experts provide greater depth and experience over the broad range of radar topics than could any single author. A strong team of volume editors and external peer reviewers from the radar community will ensure consistency of structure, level, style, and notation of a single-author text.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Overview (William H. Melvin, James A. Scheer) 2. Continuous Wave (CW) Radar (Samuel O. Piper) 2.1 Continuous Wave Introduction 2.2 CW Radar Configurations 2.3 Unmodulated CW Radar 2.4 Frequency Modulated CW Radar 2.5 Phase Modulated CW Radar Waveform 2.6 Frequency Shift Key CW Radar Waveform 2.7 FMCW Radar Systems 2.8 References 3. Millimeter Microwave (MMW) Applications (Samuel O. Piper, James A. Saffold) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The MMW Spectrum 3.3 Propagation at Higher Frequency 3.4 MMW Performance Limitations 3.5 Munitions and Seekers 3.6 Passive Detection (Radiometry) 3.7 MMW Radar Applications for the Military 3.8 MMW Radar Applications for the Commercial Market 3.9 Further Reading 3.10 References 4. Fire Control Radar (William G. Ballard, Stephane Kemkemian) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Airborne Fire Control Radar 4.3 Surface Based Fire Control Radar 4.4 Electronic Counter Countermeasures (ECCM) 4.5 The "AN" Equipment Designation 4.6 References 5. Airborne Pulse Doppler Radar (Aram Partizian) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geometry 5.3 The Doppler Shift and Motivation for Doppler Processing 5.4 Range and Doppler Distribution of Clutter 5.5 Contours of Constant Doppler and Range 5.6 Example Scenario 5.7 Pulse-Doppler Conceptual Approach 5.8 Ambiguities, Folded Clutter, and Blind Zones 5.9 Overview of PRF Regimes 5.10 High PRF Mode 5.11 Medium PRF Mode 5.12 Low PRF Mode 5.13 References >> Check out Pulse Doppler Radar, by Clive Alabaster, available from SciTech and the IET 6. Multiple-Function Phased Array Radar Systems (Melvin Belcher) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Operational Concepts and Military Utilities 6.3 MPARS Sizing and Performance Evaluation 6.4 Search Sizing 6.5 ESA Overview 6.6 Radar Control and Resource Management 6.7 MPARS Technologies 6.8 MPARS Testing and Evaluation 6.9 Netcentric MPARS Applications 6.10 References 6.11 Further Reading 7. Ballistic Missile Defense Radars (Melvin Belcher) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 BMD Radar System Requirements 7.3 Radar Development for Ballistic Missile Defense 7.4 BMD Radar Design 7.5 BMD Radar Performance Estimation 7.6 References 7.7 Further Reading 8. Early Warning Radar (Alfonso Farina) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Phased Array Antenna 8.3 Transceiver 8.4 Multi-Core Processors 8.5 Waveforms and Signal Processing 8.6 Plot Accuracy and Resolution for GBEWR 8.7 Tracking 8.8 Electronic Counter Countermeasures (ECCM) Capabilities 8.9 Special Functions 8.10 Conclusions and Further Readings 8.11 References 9. Surface Moving Target Indication (William L. Melvin) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 SMTI Radar Operation 9.3 Signal Models 9.4 SMTI Metrics 9.5 Antenna and Waveform Considerations 9.6 Clutter Mitigation Approaches 9.7 Detection Processing 9.8 Angle and Doppler Estimation 9.9 Other Considerations 9.10 Summary 9.11 Further Reading 9.12 References 10. Air Traffic Control Radar (John Porcello) 12.1 Introduction – The Task of Air Traffic Control (ATC) 12.2 System Requirements/Mission 12.3 Design Issues 12.4 The Future of ATC Radar 12.5 Summary 12.6 Further Reading 12.7 Acknowledgements 12.8 References 11. Space-Based Radar (Samuel Piper) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Space-Based Radar Systems 10.3 SBR Orbital Relationships 10.4 SBR Target, Terrain and Noise Power 10.5 SBR Waveform 10.6 References 12. Passive and Bistatic Radar (Hugh Griffiths, Chris Baker) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bistatic Radar 11.3 Passive Bistatic Radar Waveforms 11.4 The Signal Environment 11.5 Passive Bistatic Radar Techniques 11.6 Examples of Systems 11.7 Conclusions 11.8 References >> Check out Advances in Bistatic Radar, edited by Hugh Griffiths, available now from SciTech and the IET 13. Weather Radar (John Trostel) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Typical Weather Radar Hardware 13.3 The Radar Range Equation for Weather Radar 13.4 Doppler Processing 13.5 Hydrological Measurements 13.6 Characteristics of Some Meteorological Phenomena 13.7 Sun Echoes and Roost Rings 13.8 Advanced Processing and Systems 13.9 Further Reading 13.10 References 14. Foliage Penetrating Radar (Mark Davis) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of Battlefield Surveillance 14.3 Foliage Penetration SAR Collection Systems 14.4 FOPEN Clutter Characteristics 14.5 Image Formation 14.6 Radio Frequency Interference 14.7 Target Detection and Characterization 14.8 Summary 14.9 Further Reading 14.10 References >> Check out Mark's book, Foliage Penetration Radar, available now from SciTech and the IET. 15. Materials (Ground) Penetrating Radar (C. Richard Liu) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Pulsed Ground Penetrating Radar System Design 15.3 GPR System Implementation and Test Results 15.4 Conclusions 15.5 Reference 16. Police Speed Timing Radar (Eugene F. Greneker) 16.1 Introduction 16.2 History of Technologies that Enabled Police Radar 16.3 First Police Radar 16.4 Cosine Error Caused by Improper Operation 16.5 Next Generation S-Band Radar 16.6 Moving to X-Band - 10GHz 16.7 Second Method Used to Achieve the Ferro-magnetic Circulator Function 16.8 Moving Radar with Improved Detection Range Capability 16.9 Moving Mode Police Radar Operation 16.10 Alternative Phase Locked Loop Signal Processing Approach 16.11 Move to K-Band Frequencies 16.12 Police Radar Moves to the Ka Band and Utilizes Digital Signal Processing 16.13 Other Police Operating Modes Made Possible by DSP 16.14 Summary 16.15 References

ABOUT THE EDITORS Mr. James A. Scheer Jim Scheer has 40 years of hands-on experience in the design, development, and analysis of radar systems. He currently consults and works part time for GTRI and teaches radar-related short courses. He began his career with the General Electric Company (now Lockheed Martin Corporation), working on the F-111 attack radar system. In 1975 he moved to GTRI, where he worked on radar system applied research until his retirement in 2004. Mr. Scheer is an IEEE Life Fellow and holds a BSEE degree from Clarkson University and the MSEE degree from Syracuse University. Dr. William L. Melvin Dr. Melvin is Director of the Sensors and Electromagnetic Applications Laboratory (SEAL) at the Georgia Tech Research Institute and an Adjunct Professor in Georgia Tech's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. His specific expertise includes digital signal processing with application to RF sensors, including adaptive signal processing for aerospace radar detection of airborne and ground moving targets, radar applications of detection and estimation theory, electronic protection, SIGINT, and synthetic aperture radar. He has authored over 150 publications in his areas of expertise and holds three patents on adaptive radar technology. Dr. Melvin received the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Lehigh University in 1994, as well as the MSEE and BSEE degrees (with high honors) from the same institution. He is also a distinguished graduate of the USAF ROTC program.